FDNR FILTER DESIGN FORMULAS By: Frank McClatchie The following formulas can be used to convert a normalized low pass filter design to a FDNR configuration that converts two normalized series inductance and one shunt normalized capacitance through the FDNR conversion process to resistors that simulate the same
IDENTIFYING CURB MARKING OR GLYPHS The next time you are out walking on the street, have a look at the sidewalk curbs. You will notice some cryptic markings either painted on the curb or carved into the curb like a Glyph or sometimes markings the on
Battery technology is constantly evolving to yield ever more powerful and compact energy sources. Here is some battery data that has been compiled to help you choose which battery you should use when designing a product that uses batteries. Use this data as a reference
GRAY CODE WHAT IS IT, AND WHERE IS IT USED BY: Don McClatchie Gray Code is employed in many electronic devices that use rotary switches for position encoders. The Gray Code also called “reflected binary code” or (RBC) was named after Bell Labs researcher Frank Gray
Air Core Inductor Winding The Easy Way The following information for winding RF coils is accurate to within 1% for nearly all small air core coils, where: L = Self Inductance in micro-henrys. N = Total number of turns. r = Mean Radius in inches. l = Length of coil in inches. b =
HOW TO BUILD AN AUDIO PAD Audio pads are used to attenuate an audio signal for the purpose of matching required levels between different pieces of equipment. Pads can be built unbalanced or balanced depending on the signal requirements. We will start with the basic unbalanced
COPPER WIRE RESISTANCE CHART A.W.G. FEET PER OHMS OHMS PER 1000 FEET GAGE at 77 Deg F at 149 Deg F at 77 Deg F at 149 Deg F 0 10000.00 8621.00 0.100 0.116 1 7936.00 6849.00 0.126 0.146 2 6289.00 5435.00 0.159 0.184 3 4975.00 4310.00 0.201 0.232 4 3953.00 3425.00 0.253 0.292 5 3135.00 2710.00 0.319 0.369 6 2481.00 2151.00 0.403 0.465 7 1968.00 1706.00 0.508 0.586 8 1560.00 1353.00 0.641 0.739 9 1238.00 1073.00 0.808 0.932 10 980.40 847.50 1.020 1.180 11 781.30 675.70 1.280 1.480 12 617.30 534.80 1.620 1.870 13 490.20 423.70 2.040 2.360 14 387.60 336.70 2.580 2.970 15 307.70 266.70 3.250 3.750 16 244.50 211.40 4.090 4.730 17 193.80 167.80 5.160 5.960 18 153.60 133.20 6.510 7.510 19 121.80 105.50 8.210 9.480 20 96.20 84.00 10.400 11.900 21 76.30 66.20 13.100 15.100 22 60.60 52.60 16.500 19.000 23 48.10 41.70 20.800 24.000 24 38.20 33.10 26.200 30.200 25 30.30 26.20 33.000 38.100 26 24.00 20.80 41.600 48.000 27 19.00 16.50 52.500 60.600 28 15.10 13.10 66.200 76.400 29 12.00 10.40 83.400 96.300 30 9.50 8.30 105.000 121.000 31 7.50 6.50 133.000 153.000 32 6.00 5.20 167.000 193.000 33 4.70 4.10 211.000 243.000 34 3.80 3.30 266.000 307.000 35 3.00 2.60 335.000 387.000 36 2.40 2.00 423.000 488.000 37 1.90 1.60 533.000 616.000 38 1.50 1.30 673.000 776.000 39 1.20 1.00 848.000 979.000 40 0.93 0.81 1070.000 1230.000 If you liked this, Click here and sign up for our free monthly newsletter with helpful tips and other articles that you will also like.
PREFIXES for NUMBERS Electronics, Radio and all of the Science fields use numbers that are wildly large and small. For the sake of working with these large numbers our culture has developed Prefix's to keep the numbers small enough to be workable. These are the most
LOGARITHMIC VOLTAGE RATIOS BY: FRANK McCLATCHIE dB RATIO dB RATIO dB RATIO dB RATIO 6 = 1.995263 5 = 1.778279 4 = 1.584932 3 = 1.412538 2 = 1.258925 1 = 1.122019 0 = 1.000000 -20 = 0.10000 -40 = 0.01000 -60 = 0.00100 -1 = 0.891250 -21 = 0.08913 -41 = 0.00891 -61 = 0.00089 -2 = 0.794330 -22 = 0.07943 -42 = 0.00794 -62 = 0.00079 -3 = 0.707490 -23 = 0.07075 -43 = 0.00707 -63 = 0.00071 -4 = 0.630960 -24 = 0.06310 -44 = 0.00631 -64 = 0.00063 -5 = 0.562340 -25 = 0.05623 -45 = 0.00562 -65 = 0.00056 -6 = 0.501190 -26 = 0.05012 -46 = 0.00501 -66 = 0.00050 -7 = 0.446680 -27 = 0.04467 -47 = 0.00447 -67 = 0.00045 -8 = 0.398110 -28 = 0.03981 -48 = 0.00398 -68 = 0.00040 -9 = 0.354800 -29 = 0.03548 -49 = 0.00355 -69 = 0.00035 -10 = 0.316230 -30 = 0.03162 -50 = 0.00316 -70 = 0.00032 -11 = 0.281840 -31 = 0.02818 -51 = 0.00282 -71 = 0.00028 -12 = 0.251190 -32 = 0.02512 -52 = 0.00251 -72 = 0.00025 -13 = 0.223870 -33 = 0.02239 -53 = 0.00224 -73 = 0.00022 -14 = 0.199550 -34 = 0.01996 -54 = 0.00200 -74 = 0.00020 -15 = 0.177830 -35 = 0.01778 -55 = 0.00178 -75 = 0.00018 -16 = 0.158490 -36 = 0.01585 -56 = 0.00158 -76 = 0.00016 -17 = 0.141250 -37 = 0.01413 -57 = 0.00141 -77 = 0.00014 -18 = 0.125890 -38 = 0.01259 -58 = 0.00126 -78 = 0.00013 -19 = 0.112200 -39 = 0.01122 -59 = 0.00112 -79 = 0.00011 -20 = 0.100000 -40 = 0.01000 -60 = 0.00100 -80 = 0.00010 MULTIPLY OR DIVIDE THESE NUMBERS BY ANY FACTOR THAT ZERO dB IS SUPPOSED TO REPRESENT If you liked this, Click here and sign up for our free monthly newsletter with helpful tips and other
